Investigation into the Mechanism(s) which Permit the High-Rate, Degradation of PAHS and Related Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Sequencing Batch Reactors by Attached Cells in a Controlled Mixed Bacterial Community.

A stable mixed culture, deposited as ATCC 55644, previously shown to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons at relatively high concentrations was used as the source of inoculum. This culture was grown in Stanier’s minimal media, either in the presence of different concentrations of naphthalene, nitrobenzene and toluene (NNT) or naphthalene and toluene (NT) as the sole source of C and/or N. Results showed that the majority of the strains isolated from the mixed culture were able to grow in the presence of NNT or NT. A total of 20 different isolates were isolated from the mixed culture. Individual isolates were grown in Stanier’s minimal medium containing a single hydrocarbon as the source of carbon or carbon and nitrogen. Only one strain was found to grow solely in the presence of nitrobenzene as the source of C and N. Most of the other isolates were able to grow in the presence of naphthalene, toluene, acenaphthene, anthracene, fluoranthene and phenanthrene, n-dodecane, hexadecane, n-pentadecane, n-tetradecane, and n-octadecane. Planktonic and immobilized cells of the controlled mixed culture (ATCC 55644) were grown in separate Sequential Batch Reactors (SBR) using Stanier\u27s media, to which naphthalene, nitrobenzene and toluene were added as the sole source of C and/or N. Biodegradation was determined by measuring the residual hydrocarbon in the SBR and the amount of trapped volatile organic carbon (VOC) and the evolved CO2. Gas chromatography data showed that immobilized cells were able to degrade NNT faster than the planktonic cells. This observation was confirmed by CO2 evolution. Over time the loading of hydrocarbon was significantly increased from a starting level of 400 ppm (Naphthalene), 100 ppm (Nitrobenzene), and 500 ppm (toluene), to a final level of 3000 ppm (Naphthalene), 400 ppm (Nitrobenzene), and 1600 ppm (toluene). While increasing nutrient loading, the frequency of re-feeding with hydrocarbons was changed from an initial re-feeding every 60 hrs to a final re-feeding frequency of 18 hrs. The experiments clearly showed that the attached, mixed microbial community was able to effectively and rapidly degrade high concentrations of hydrocarbons. This demonstrated the practical advantages of employing attached, mixed microbial cultures in a SBR

Orthodontic Preparation for Bone Graft in Cleft Palate Patients

  Cleft palate patients require a multidisciplinary care from birth to adulthood by teamwork of healthcare providers; the orthodontist plays a major role in this team. Filling the bony defect at the cleft area with a bony graft requires an orthodontic preparation in order to expand the collapsed palatal segments; this is best done during the mixed dentition and before eruption of the permanent canine. The best guide to proper timing of bone graft is the stage of root formation of erupting canine shown by a radiograph.  &nbsp

Experimental And Theoretical Stress Analysis For Composite Plate Under Combined Load

تم دراسة التأثير المشترك للحمل الحراري والميكانيكي على توزيع إجهاد-الإنفعال لصفيحة من الياف الزجاج والبوليستر المركبة بطريقتين التجريبيه والعدديه. العمل التجريبي تم من خلال تسليط درجة حرارة منظمة و حمل شد على الصفيحة مركبة داخل الفرن وقياس تشوه اللوحة باستخدام  dial gageمع دراسة تأثير أثنين من العوامل ، حجم الألياف وأتجاه الألياف على تحليل الاجهاد - الانفعال مع مماثلة الميكانيكية والحرارية التحميل. النتائج المعروضة هنا أن الحد الأقصى المطلق للإنفعال الكلي في الاتجاه الطولي حدث عند قوة شد 50 نيوتن وزاوية الألياف 60º، في حين أن القيم المطلقة الدنيا منه حدثت عند قوة شد 15 نيوتن وزاوية الألياف 0º. ومع ذلك، فإن الحد الأقصى المطلق للإنفعال الكلي في الاتجاه العرضي حدث عند قوة شد 15نيوتن وزاوية الألياف 0º، بينما تم الحصول على القيم المطلقة الدنيا عند قوة شد 50 نيوتن وزاوية الألياف 60º. وأيضا، فإن إنفعال الكلي في الاتجاه الطولي والعرضي ينخفض ​​مع زيادة حجم  الألياف. تم مقارنة نتائج الاختبار التجريبي مع التحليل العددي للإنفعال الكلي وتقييم الاتفاق بين الطريقتين المستخدمتين، الحد الأقصى من التناقض 20٪.The combined effects of thermal and mechanical loadings on the distribution of stress-strain for E-glass fiber /polyester composite plates are investigated experimentally and numerically. The experimental work has been carried out by applying to a uniform temperature and tensile load on the composite plate inside the furnace and the deformation of plate measured by a dial gauge. Two parameter studies, the fiber volume fraction and fiber orientation on the stress-strain for plates subjected to identical mechanical and temperature gradient. The results presented showed that, the maximum absolute of total strain in longitudinal direction occurred at 50 N tension load and fiber angle 60º, while the minimum absolute values of it occurred at 15 N tension loads and fiber angle 0º. However the maximum absolute of total strain in transverse direction occurred at 15N tension load and fiber angle 0º, while the minimum absolute values of it are obtained at 50 N tension loads and fiber angle 60º. Also, the total strain in longitudinal and transverse direction decrease with increasing the fiber volume fraction. Comparison of the results in the experimental test with the numerical analysis of the total strain and evaluated the agreement between the two methods used, the maximum discrepancywas 20%

Fallujah's Position on the May 1941 Movement (Documentary Study)

The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 had a negative impact not only on the European continent, but also most of the countries of Asia and Africa. Iraq was affected because of its political and economic association with the British government, which was one of the parties involved in that war. The Iraqi and British governments had signed a treaty concerning their political, economic and military relationship on 30 June 1930. It came into force after the end of the mandate and the entry of Iraq League of Nations in 1932, but that the treaty was only a new framework for the continuation of the British occupation. The situation was exacerbated when the military became the helm of the government after the 1936 coup led by Bakr Sidqi, which caused much anxiety within the British government and the strained relations between it and the Iraqi government despite the British recognition of the coup government. These tensions became more evident when World War II broke out. At this point, the British government demanded that Iraq abide by the provisions of the 1930 Treaty by declaring war on Germany. However, the Iraqi government. In addition to the severing of diplomatic relations, the tension between the British and Iraqi governments were intensified by Italy’s entry into the war with Germany. Iraq refused to sever its diplomatic relations with Germany, but allowed the Italian government to open an embassy in Baghdad, which Britain considered an act of hostility. Military operations between the Iraqi and British armies continued throughout May 1941, known to the historical sources as ‘the movement of Mayes’ or ‘the revolt of Rashid Ali Kilani’ or ‘the Iraq war the British second’. The Dulaim brigade and nearby villages were involved in the greatest share of those clashes, which left material and human destruction on the people of the judiciary in particular, and the Dulaim brigade and Iraq in general. This ended with the occupation of Fallujah by British forces on the 19th of May 1941. It is useful to consider the position of Falluja in the context of the military battles that took place between the Iraqi and British armies during this period. The study is divided into four subjects .the first subject was titled as ”the British- Iraqi treaties until 1930”. It deals with most important provisions of the treaty, which became controversial. The second subject was ”Falluja and preliminaries of May’s Movement” clarifies the British government’s request, under the terms of the 1930 treaty, that Iraq declare war on the Axis countries headed by Germany. This request was rejected by the Iraqi government. In particular, this segment considers events after Rashid Ali al-Kilani became prime minister and the anti-British military leaders took control of Iraq, as well as the military and political preparations taken by the Iraqi and British governments throughout April 1941. This study also explores their impact on the situation in the Fallujah district, which forms the third segment, titled “Fallujah and the Second Iraqi- British War”. This section explores the most important battles occuring in the lands of Fallujah district, and the role of the people of the judiciary in supporting The Iraqi army against the British forces, which prompted the latter to take revenge on them after occupying the center of killing and sabotage on the nineteenth of May 1941, Atanih than the recent push to revenge them after the occupation of the district center of death and destruction on the 19th of May 1941, and the steps that were taken after a full occupation of the land district of Fallujah until the entry of British troops to Baghdad on the fifth of June of the same year. Keywords: Fallujah, Documentary, Movement, May, Positio

Approaching to an optimal value of rise time in n-well/p substrate photodiode by controlling depletion layer width

The relationship between response speed of a silicon n-well/p substrate photodiode and the depletion layer width has been investigated. Variation of both the junction capacitance and the series resistance of the photodiode with the depletion layer width have been analyzed. It is shown that the contribution of the time constant and the drift time in the rise time within the depletion layer can be decreased to an optimal value (less than 1ns) just for specific value of the depletion layer width and smaller value of the diffused junction area

Phonological Analysis of English Phonotactics: A Case Study of Arab Learners of English

This study aims to analyze the English phonotactics in the English of Arab learners of English as a foreign language to determine the types of pronunciation difficulties they encounter. More specifically, it investigates the types of declusterization processes found in their interlanguage and the sources of such processes. The results of this study demonstrate that Arab learners of English unintentionally insert an anaptyctic vowel in the onset as well as in the coda of certain English syllables. Results also show that the major reason for declusterization processes is the mother tongue influence. In order to overcome such difficulties, this paper suggests a new approach for teaching and learning L2 syllable structure system

REVIVING THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN FESTIVALS AS AN AUTHENTIC TOURISM PRODUCT

إحياء المهرجانات المصرية القديمة كمنتج سياحي أصيل [Ar] تعد المهرجانات من المكونات الأساسية لصناعة السياحة نظرا لأهميتها في الترويج للمقصد السياحي وتعزيز صورته، وأصبحت الأصالة من العناصر الرئيسية التي تؤثر بشكل مباشر على التصنيف العالمي للمنطقة المزارة. و بالرغم من تزايد اعداد الباحتين والدراسين لمفهوم الأصالة في السياحة إلا أن تجربة المهرجانات القديمة لم يتم التطرق إليها. استنادا على تلك الفجوة البحثية، تهدف الدراسة إلى إلقاء الضوء علي الأصالة المتحققة من المهرجانات المصرية القديمة عن طريق دراسة نوعية لتحديد كيفية توظيف تلك الأحداث كوسيلة لترويج السياحة في مصر. وجدير بالذكر أن المهرجانات كانت معروفة في مصر منذ العصور القديمة بل ويمكن القول أن كل معبد كان لديه قائمة من الاحتفالات. ورغم ذلك يلاحظ أن أجندة المناسبات الحالية تكاد تخلو من هذه الأحداث، لذا تسعي هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على العوامل التي تعوق تطور سياحة الأحداث الخاصة من خلال اللقاءات مع عدد من المسؤولين في قطاع السياحة. وطبقا لتصريحاتهم، فإنه بالرغم من إقامة كثير من المناسبات الا أن عدد قليل منها يحقق الهدف المطلوب سواء فيما يتعلق بالتسويق أوالتخطيط الاستراتيجي أوالتمويل وإنه ربما يرجع ذلك إلى إلا افتقاد الإدارة المهنية، فضلا عن أن التقويم الملائم لمابعد الحدث سواء للعوائد الاقتصادية أو الحضور غالبا لايتم. كما سعت الدراسة إلى تحديد مفهوم الأصالة لدى السائحين من خلال دراسة مسحية على عينة من زائرى مهرجان تعامد الشمس بأبوسمبل. وأشارت النتائج إلى أن العينة عبرت عن التجارب الفريدة من نوعها بطرق عديدة، لكن الغالبية اتفقت على أن هذا المهرجان تحديدا كان فريدا. لذا يجب على منظمي الأحداث في مصر الاستفادة من تراثهم العريق وأحياء المناسبات المصرية القديمة لتطوير وتنويع المنتج السياحي. [En] Festivals are one of the essential components of the tourism industry due to their importance in promoting destinations and enhancing the region\u27s image. Authenticity has become one of the main elements that directly affect the classification of the visited country at the global level. Despite the growing number of researchers looking at the concept of authenticity in tourism, the experience of ancient festivals has not yet been investigated.Based on the previously mentioned research gap, the current study aims to shed light on the perceived authenticity of Egyptian ancient festivals via a qualitative study, Ancient festivals could be a conduit to promote tourism in Egypt. Although festivals have been known in Egypt since ancient times, and it can be said that every temple had a list of celebrations, the modern Egyptian calendar is almost devoid of these types of events. This study investigates the factors that hinder the development of special events tourism through interviews with a number of officials in the tourism sector. The study also seeks the perceived authenticity of the Egyptian ancient festivals via a qualitative study about the visitors to the Sun Festival. According to the declarations of tourism officials, despite a large number of festivals very few events were engaged in goal setting, marketing, strategic planning, and structured fund-raising ventures- this may be due to the lack of managerial experience. Moreover, proper evaluations of attendance and economic consequences were frequently unavailable. The results of the study indicated that attendees felt differently about their experiences in many ways, but the majority agreed that the event was authentic. Event Planners in Egypt should take advantage of their ancient historical roots and use them to develop and diversify touristic product offerings

Load Balance in Data Center SDN Networks

In the last two decades, networks had been changed according to the rapid changing in its requirements.  The current Data Center Networks have large number of hosts (tens or thousands) with special needs of bandwidth as the cloud network and the multimedia content computing is increased. The conventional Data Center Networks (DCNs) are highlighted by the increased number of users and bandwidth requirements which in turn have many implementation limitations.  The current networking devices with its control and forwarding planes coupling result in network architectures are not suitable for dynamic computing and storage needs.  Software Defined networking (SDN) is introduced to change this notion of traditional networks by decoupling control and forwarding planes. So, due to the rapid increase in the number of applications, websites, storage space, and some of the network resources are being underutilized due to static routing mechanisms. To overcome these limitations, a Software Defined Network based Openflow Data Center network architecture is used to obtain better performance parameters and implementing traffic load balancing function. The load balancing distributes the traffic requests over the connected servers, to diminish network congestions, and reduce underutilization problem of servers. As a result, SDN is developed to afford more effective configuration, enhanced performance, and more flexibility to deal with huge network design

Physical properties of halloysite nanotubes-polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites using malonic acid crosslinked

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) based nanocomposites were produced by blending individualized HNTs dispersion with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Several sequential separation techniques were applied to obtain stable individualized HNTs dispersion. The preparation of PVA-crosslinked-HNTs nanocomposite has not been developed and, to the best of our knowledge, there was no published report indicating the use of neither dispersion nor crosslinker agent. In addition, PVA was crosslinked using the crosslinker malonic acid (MA) and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. This individualization increases the mechanical and thermal properties of HNTs-PVA nanocomposites. As a side result, crosslinking was employed to make PVA water-insoluble and hence to become more useful in biomedical applications. Examination of the nanocomposites indicated that HNTs were uniformly dispersed in both PVA as well as crosslinked PVA. These nanocomposites could be composted easily and hence would be good candidates to\replace some of today’s traditional non-biodegradable plastics that end up in landfills